ALLERGY OR ONCOLOGY?
Abstract
Both allergic and oncological diseases are two global problems of modern medicine, far from being resolved. Both pathologies are immune-mediated, but in case of allergy there is hypersensitivity due to a breakdown of immune tolerance, and in the case of oncology, the disease develops precisely due to immune deficiency associated with excessive tolerance. A key factor in the growth of a malignant tumor is the formation of the most “friendly” environment from its microenvironment. The various components of immunity, theoretically, should effectively recognize and destroy tumor cells even at the initial stages of its development, before the formation of clinically significant tumor growth. However, clinical studies suggest otherwise. Various components of the immune system (tumor-associated macrophages, cytokines — growth factors, suppressor cells of myeloid origin) participate in the pathogenesis of tumor growth, not counter-
acting, but contributing to the development of neoplasm, its invasion and metastasis. Therefore, one of the main goals in the field of cancer treatment is the development of interventions that may impair immunological tolerance and stop the progression of cancer. Numerous epidemiological studies suggest an inverse association between allergic diseases and the development of malignant neoplasms. There is also considerable evidence of the concept of the ability of cells of the immune system and IgE to destroy tumor cells. Numerous in vitro studies are being conducted that “target” this class of antibodies to the corresponding tumor antigens. It has been demonstrated that antibodies of the IgE class are specific for an overexpressed tumor, they were superior to any other class of immunoglobulins in terms of antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC — antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) and phagocytosis (ADCP — antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis). Therefore, eosinophils, mast cells and macrophages in combination with IgE can become powerful antitumor effectors. IgE specific for tumor antigens causes eosinophil-mediated death of tumor cells by cytotoxic mechanisms. The nature of the influence of mast cells on the tumor is determined by a complex of factors. It has been established that, depending on their location with respect to the tumor, mast cells may exhibit multidirectional effects. The ambiguous properties of the cells of the immune system synthesized by mediators and various classes of immunologlobulin attract the attention of researchers around the world. It was found that between the patient’s allergies and the risk of developing certain types of cancer (glioma, pancreatic cancer and childhood leukemia), an inverse relationship is observed. Also, prospective studies have confirmed a negative association of allergies with colorectal cancer.
References
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Asai A., Nakamura K., Kobayashi M. et al. CCL1 released from M2b macrophages is essentially required for the maintenance of their properties. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2012; 92: 859–67.
Bashford-Rogers R.J., Nicolaou K.A., Bartram J. et al. Eye on the B-ALL: B-cell receptor repertoires reveal persistence of numerous B-lymphoblastic leukemia subclones from diagnosis to relapse. Leukemia. 2016; 30: 2312–21.
Beyer M., Mallmann M.R., Xue J. et al. High-resolution transcriptome of human macrophages. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e45466.
Bluth M.H. IgE and chemotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2012; 61: 1585–90.
Cahoon E.K., Inskip P.D., Gridley G., Brenner A.V. Immunerelated conditions and subsequent risk of brain cancer in a cohort of 4.5 million male US veterans. Br. J. Cancer. 2014; 110: 1825–33.
Chaudhary B., Elkord E. Regulatory T-cells in the tumor microenvironment and cancer progression: role and therapeutic targeting. Vaccines. 2016: 4: e28.
Chen X., Churchill M.J., Nagar K.K. et al. IL-17 producing mast cells promote the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in a mouse allergy model of colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2015; 6: 32966–79.
Cipolat S., Hoste E., Natsuga K. et al. Epidermal barrier defects link atopic dermatitis with altered skin cancer susceptibility. eLife. 2014; 3: e01888.
Cortez V.S., Robinette M.L., Colonna M. Innate lymphoid cells: new insights into function and development. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2015; 32: 71–7.
Dalton D.K., Noelle R.J. The roles of mast cells in anticancer immunity. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2012; 61: 1511–20.
Daniels T.R., Leuchter R.K., Quintero R. et al. Targeting HER2/neu with a fully human IgE to harness the allergic reaction against cancer cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2012; 61: 991–1003.
Demehri S., Cunningham T.J., Manivasagam S. et al. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin blocks early stages of breast carcinogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 2016; 126: 1458–70.
De Vries V.C., Wasiuk A., Bennett K.A. et al. Mast cell degranulation breaks peripheral tolerance. Am. J. Transplant. 2009; 9: 2270–80.
Erreni M., Mantovani A., Allavena P. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and inflammation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Microenviron. 2011; 4: 141–54.
Fu S.L., Pierre J., Smith-Norowitz T.A. et al. Immunoglobulin E antibodies from pancreatic cancer patients mediate antibodydependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against pancreatic cancer cells. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2008; 153: 401–9.
Gatault S., Legrand F., Delbeke M. et al. Involvement of eosinophils in the antitumor response. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2012; 61: 1527–34.
Gatault S., Delbeke M., Driss V. et al. IL-18 is involved in eosinophil-mediated tumoricidal activity against a colon carcinoma cell line by upregulating LFA-1 and ICAM-1. J. Immunol. 2015; 195: 2483–92.
Gould H.J., Takhar P., Harries H.E. et al. Germinal-centre reactions in allergic inflammation. Trends in Immunology. 2006; 27: 446–52.
Gordon J.R., Ma Y., Churchman L. et al. Regulatory dendritic cells for immunotherapy in immunologic diseases. Front Immunol. 2014; 5(7): 1–19.
Groot Kormelink T., Powe D.G., Kuijpers S.A. et al. Immunoglobulin free light chains are biomarkers of poor prognosis in basal-like breast cancer and are potential targets in tumor-associated inflammation. Oncotarget. 2014; 5: 3159–67.
Jacobs E.J., Gapstur S.M., Newton C.C. et al. Hay Fever and asthma as markers of atopic immune response and risk of colorectal cancer in three large cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2013; 22: 661–9.
Jensen-Jarolim E., Pacios L.F., Bianchini R. et al. Structural similarities of human and mammalian lipocalins, and their function in innate immunity and allergy. Allergy. 2016; 71: 286–94.
Jiang L., Shen Y., Guo D. et al. EpCAM-dependent extracellular vesicles from intestinal epithelial cells maintain intestinal tract immune balance. Nat. Commun. 2016; 7: e13045.
Johansson A., Rudolfsson S., Hammarsten P. et al. Mast cells are novel independent prognostic markers in prostate cancer and represent a target for therapy. Am. J. Pathol. 2010; 177: 1031–41.
Karagiannis S.N., Bracher M.G., Hunt J. et al. IgE-antibody-dependent immunotherapy of solid tumors: cytotoxic and phagocytic mechanisms of eradication of ovarian cancer cells. J. Immunol. 2007; 179: 2832–43.
Kirchberger S., Royston D.J., Boulard O. et al. Innate lymphoid cells sustain colon cancer through production of interleukin-22 in a mouse model. J. Exp. Med. 2013; 210(5): 917–31.
Lechner M.G., Liebertz D.J., Epstein A.L. Characterization of cytokine-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells from normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The Journal of Immunology. 2010; 185(4): 2273–84.
Legrand F., Driss V., Delbeke M. et al. Human eosinophils exert TNF-alpha and granzyme A-mediated tumoricidal activity toward colon carcinoma cells. J. Immunol. 2010; 185(12): 7443–51.
Liu X., Jin H., Zhang G. et al. Intratumor IL-17-positive mast cells are the major source of the IL-17 that is predictive of survival in gastric cancer patients. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e106834.
Lotfi R., Kaltenmeier C., Lotze M.T., Bergmann C. Until death do us part: necrosis and oxidation promote the tumor microenvironment. Transfus. Med. Hemother. 2016; 43: 120–32.
Makris K., Rizos D., Kafkas N., Haliassos A. Neurophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a new biomarker in laboratory medicine. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2012; 50: 1519–32.
Matta G.M., Battaglio S., Dibello C. et al. Polyclonal immunoglobulin E levels are correlated with hemoglobin values and overall survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2007; 13: 5348–54.
Miyatani K., Saito H., Murakami Y. et al. A high number of IgG4-positive cells in gastric cancer tissue is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Virchows Arch. 2016; 468: 549–57.
Pittoni P., Tripodo C., Piconese S. et al. Mast cell targeting hampers prostate adenocarcinoma development but promotes the occurrence of highly malignant neuroendocrine cancers. Cancer Res. 2011; 71: 5987–97.
Platzer B., Elpek K.G., Cremasco V. et al. IgE/FcεRI-mediated antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells enhances anti-tumor immune responses. Cell Rep. 2015: e02.015.
Prizment A.E., Anderson K.E., Visvanathan K., Folsom A.R. Inverse association of eosinophil count with colorectal cancer incidence: atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011; 20: 1861–4.
Raker V.K., Domogalla M.P., Steinbrink K. Tolerogenic dendritic cells for regulatory T cell induction in man. Front Immunol. 2015; 6: 569.
Robainas M., Otano R., Bueno S., Ait-Oudhia S. Understanding the role of PD-L1/PD1 pathway blockade and autophagy in cancer therapy. Onco. Targets Ther. 2017; 10: 1803–7.
Rodrigues C.P., Ferreira A.C., Pinho M.P. et al. Tolerogenic IDO (+) dendritic cells are induced by PD-1-expressing mast cells. Front Immunol. 2016; 7: 9.
Roszer T. Understanding the mysterious M2 macrophage through activation markers and effector mechanisms. Mediators Inflamm. 2015; 2015: e816460.
Schatton T., Schutte U., Frank M.H. Effects of malignant melanoma initiating cells on T-cell activation. Methods Mol. Biol. 2016: 1–12.
Schlecker E., Stojanovic A., Eisen C. et al. Tumor-infiltrating monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells mediate CCR5-dependent recruitment of regulatory T-cells favoring tumor growth. J. Immunol. 2012; 189: 5602–11.
Turner M.C. Epidemiology: allergy history, IgE, and cancer. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2012; 61: 1493–1510.
Umansky V., Blattner C., Gebhardt C., Utikal J. CCR5 in recruitment and activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2017; 66: 1015–23.
Wawrzyniak M., O’Mahony L., Akdis M. Role of regulatory cells in oral tolerance. Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res. 2017; 9: 107–15.
Wen C.P., Lee J.H., Tai Y.P. et al. High serum iron is associated with increased cancer risk. Cancer Res. 2014; 74: 6589–97.
Wulaningsih W., Holmberg L., Garmo H. et al. Investigating the association between allergen-specific immunoglobulin E, cancer risk and survival. OncoImmunology. 2016; 5: e1154250.
Yang Z., Zhang B., Li D. et al. Mast cells mobilize myeloid-derived suppressor cells and Treg cells in tumor microenvironment via IL-17 pathway in murine hepatocarcinoma model. PLoS One. 2010; 5: e8922.
Zaiss D.M., van Loosdregt J., Gorlani A. et al. Amphiregulin enhances regulatory T cell-suppressive function via the epidermal growth factor receptor. Immunity. 2013; 38: 275–84.
REFERENCES
Angelin A., Gil-de-Gomez L., Dahiya S. et al. Foxp3 reprograms T Cell metabolism to function in low-glucose, high-lactate environments. Cell Metab. 2017; 25: 1282–93.
Asai A., Nakamura K., Kobayashi M. et al. CCL1 released from M2b macrophages is essentially required for the maintenance of their properties. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2012; 92: 859–67.
Bashford-Rogers R.J., Nicolaou K.A., Bartram J. et al. Eye on the B-ALL: B-cell receptor repertoires reveal persistence of numerous B-lymphoblastic leukemia subclones from diagnosis to relapse. Leukemia. 2016; 30: 2312–21.
Beyer M., Mallmann M.R., Xue J. et al. High-resolution transcriptome of human macrophages. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e45466.
Bluth M.H. IgE and chemotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2012; 61: 1585–90.
Cahoon E.K., Inskip P.D., Gridley G., Brenner A.V. Immunerelated conditions and subsequent risk of brain cancer in a cohort of 4.5 million male US veterans. Br. J. Cancer. 2014; 110: 1825–33.
Chaudhary B., Elkord E. Regulatory T-cells in the tumor microenvironment and cancer progression: role and therapeutic targeting. Vaccines. 2016: 4: e28.
Chen X., Churchill M.J., Nagar K.K. et al. IL-17 producing mast cells promote the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in a mouse allergy model of colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2015; 6: 32966–79.
Cipolat S., Hoste E., Natsuga K. et al. Epidermal barrier defects link atopic dermatitis with altered skin cancer susceptibility. eLife. 2014; 3: e01888.
Cortez V.S., Robinette M.L., Colonna M. Innate lymphoid cells: new insights into function and development. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2015; 32: 71–7.
Dalton D.K., Noelle R.J. The roles of mast cells in anticancer immunity. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2012; 61: 1511–20.
Daniels T.R., Leuchter R.K., Quintero R. et al. Targeting HER2/neu with a fully human IgE to harness the allergic reaction against cancer cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2012; 61: 991–1003.
Demehri S., Cunningham T.J., Manivasagam S. et al. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin blocks early stages of breast carcinogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 2016; 126: 1458–70.
De Vries V.C., Wasiuk A., Bennett K.A. et al. Mast cell degranulation breaks peripheral tolerance. Am. J. Transplant. 2009; 9: 2270–80.
Erreni M., Mantovani A., Allavena P. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and inflammation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Microenviron. 2011; 4: 141–54.
Fu S.L., Pierre J., Smith-Norowitz T.A. et al. Immunoglobulin E antibodies from pancreatic cancer patients mediate antibodydependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against pancreatic cancer cells. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2008; 153: 401–9.
Gatault S., Legrand F., Delbeke M. et al. Involvement of eosinophils in the antitumor response. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2012; 61: 1527–34.
Gatault S., Delbeke M., Driss V. et al. IL-18 is involved in eosinophil-mediated tumoricidal activity against a colon carcinoma cell line by upregulating LFA-1 and ICAM-1. J. Immunol. 2015; 195: 2483–92.
Gould H.J., Takhar P., Harries H.E. et al. Germinal-centre reactions in allergic inflammation. Trends in Immunology. 2006; 27: 446–52.
Gordon J.R., Ma Y., Churchman L. et al. Regulatory dendritic cells for immunotherapy in immunologic diseases. Front Immunol. 2014; 5(7): 1–19.
Groot Kormelink T., Powe D.G., Kuijpers S.A. et al. Immunoglobulin free light chains are biomarkers of poor prognosis in basal-like breast cancer and are potential targets in tumor-associated inflammation. Oncotarget. 2014; 5: 3159–67.
Jacobs E.J., Gapstur S.M., Newton C.C. et al. Hay Fever and asthma as markers of atopic immune response and risk of colorectal cancer in three large cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2013; 22: 661–9.
Jensen-Jarolim E., Pacios L.F., Bianchini R. et al. Structural similarities of human and mammalian lipocalins, and their function in innate immunity and allergy. Allergy. 2016; 71: 286–94.
Jiang L., Shen Y., Guo D. et al. EpCAM-dependent extracellular vesicles from intestinal epithelial cells maintain intestinal tract immune balance. Nat. Commun. 2016; 7: e13045.
Johansson A., Rudolfsson S., Hammarsten P. et al. Mast cells are novel independent prognostic markers in prostate cancer and represent a target for therapy. Am. J. Pathol. 2010; 177: 1031–41.
Karagiannis S.N., Bracher M.G., Hunt J. et al. IgE-antibody-dependent immunotherapy of solid tumors: cytotoxic and phagocytic mechanisms of eradication of ovarian cancer cells. J. Immunol. 2007; 179: 2832–43.
Kirchberger S., Royston D.J., Boulard O. et al. Innate lymphoid cells sustain colon cancer through production of interleukin-22 in a mouse model. J. Exp. Med. 2013; 210(5): 917–31.
Lechner M.G., Liebertz D.J., Epstein A.L. Characterization of cytokine-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells from normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The Journal of Immunology. 2010; 185(4): 2273–84.
Legrand F., Driss V., Delbeke M. et al. Human eosinophils exert TNF-alpha and granzyme A-mediated tumoricidal activity toward colon carcinoma cells. J. Immunol. 2010; 185(12): 7443–51.
Liu X., Jin H., Zhang G. et al. Intratumor IL-17-positive mast cells are the major source of the IL-17 that is predictive of survival in gastric cancer patients. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e106834.
Lotfi R., Kaltenmeier C., Lotze M.T., Bergmann C. Until death do us part: necrosis and oxidation promote the tumor microenvironment. Transfus. Med. Hemother. 2016; 43: 120–32.
Makris K., Rizos D., Kafkas N., Haliassos A. Neurophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a new biomarker in laboratory medicine. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2012; 50: 1519–32.
Matta G.M., Battaglio S., Dibello C. et al. Polyclonal immunoglobulin E levels are correlated with hemoglobin values and overall survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2007; 13: 5348–54.
Miyatani K., Saito H., Murakami Y. et al. A high number of IgG4-positive cells in gastric cancer tissue is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Virchows Arch. 2016; 468: 549–57.
Pittoni P., Tripodo C., Piconese S. et al. Mast cell targeting hampers prostate adenocarcinoma development but promotes the occurrence of highly malignant neuroendocrine cancers. Cancer Res. 2011; 71: 5987–97.
Platzer B., Elpek K.G., Cremasco V. et al. IgE/FcεRI-mediated antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells enhances anti-tumor immune responses. Cell Rep. 2015: e02.015.
Prizment A.E., Anderson K.E., Visvanathan K., Folsom A.R. Inverse association of eosinophil count with colorectal cancer incidence: atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011; 20: 1861–4.
Raker V.K., Domogalla M.P., Steinbrink K. Tolerogenic dendritic cells for regulatory T cell induction in man. Front Immunol. 2015; 6: 569.
Robainas M., Otano R., Bueno S., Ait-Oudhia S. Understanding the role of PD-L1/PD1 pathway blockade and autophagy in cancer therapy. Onco. Targets Ther. 2017; 10: 1803–7.
Rodrigues C.P., Ferreira A.C., Pinho M.P. et al. Tolerogenic IDO (+) dendritic cells are induced by PD-1-expressing mast cells. Front Immunol. 2016; 7: 9.
Roszer T. Understanding the mysterious M2 macrophage through activation markers and effector mechanisms. Mediators Inflamm. 2015; 2015: e816460.
Schatton T., Schutte U., Frank M.H. Effects of malignant melanoma initiating cells on T-cell activation. Methods Mol. Biol. 2016: 1–12.
Schlecker E., Stojanovic A., Eisen C. et al. Tumor-infiltrating monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells mediate CCR5-dependent recruitment of regulatory T-cells favoring tumor growth. J. Immunol. 2012; 189: 5602–11.
Turner M.C. Epidemiology: allergy history, IgE, and cancer. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2012; 61: 1493–1510.
Umansky V., Blattner C., Gebhardt C., Utikal J. CCR5 in recruitment and activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2017; 66: 1015–23.
Wawrzyniak M., O’Mahony L., Akdis M. Role of regulatory cells in oral tolerance. Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res. 2017; 9: 107–15.
Wen C.P., Lee J.H., Tai Y.P. et al. High serum iron is associated with increased cancer risk. Cancer Res. 2014; 74: 6589–97.
Wulaningsih W., Holmberg L., Garmo H. et al. Investigating the association between allergen-specific immunoglobulin E, cancer risk and survival. OncoImmunology. 2016; 5: e1154250.
Yang Z., Zhang B., Li D. et al. Mast cells mobilize myeloid-derived suppressor cells and Treg cells in tumor microenvironment via IL-17 pathway in murine hepatocarcinoma model. PLoS One. 2010; 5: e8922.
Zaiss D.M., van Loosdregt J., Gorlani A. et al. Amphiregulin enhances regulatory T cell-suppressive function via the epidermal growth factor receptor. Immunity. 2013; 38: 275–84.
